MLBS applications: usage area, taxonomy, privacy, marketing; The development of MLBS: performance considerations; Navigation systems: spatial database, gateway services, route determination location utility services,…; MLBS and data management: middleware for MLBS protocol, content modeling, update management, linear referencing; MLBS interoperability and standards; MLBS data collection: satellite positioning systems, indoor positioning systems, network-based positioning; MLBS data transmission in Mobile communication systems: cellular-based mobile, wireless local area networks, ad-hoc networking, and service discovery.